Different functions of rape myth use in court: findings from a trial observation study

This study examines rape myth use in eight English rape trials and assesses attempts by trial participants to combat it. Trial notes, based on observations, were analyzed using thematic analysis. Rape myths were used in three identifiable ways: to distance the case from the “real rape” stereotype, to discredit the complainant, and to emphasize the aspects of the case that were consistent with rape myths. Prosecution challenges to the myths were few, and judges rarely countered the rape myths. This study provides new insights by demonstrating the ways that rape myths are utilized to manipulate jurors’ interpretations of the evidence

Relative Riemann-Zariski spaces

In this paper we study relative Riemann-Zariski spaces attached to a morphism of schemes and generalizing the classical Riemann-Zariski space of a field. We prove that similarly to the classical RZ spaces, the relative ones can be described either as projective limits of schemes in the category of locally ringed spaces or as certain spaces of valuations. We apply these spaces to prove the following two new results: a strong version of stable modification theorem for relative curves; a decomposition theorem which asserts that any separated morphism between quasi-compact and quasi-separated schemes factors as a composition of an affine morphism and a proper morphism. (In particular, we obtain a new proof of Nagata's compactification theorem.)Comment: 30 pages, the final version, to appear in Israel J. of Mat

The Aesthetics of Multicoding Esolangs

In the influential 2005 paper A Box, Darkly, Michael Mateas and Nick Montfort introduced the idea of multicoding: when one text holds multiple meanings, depending on context. Examples include polyglots, programs that can run successfully in two different languages, as well as sentences that can be read in French or English. Esoteric programming has a history of explicit multicoding languages. The best known are Piet, whose programs are images, and commands are the change in color from one pixel to the next; Shakespeare, with code written as plays, and Chef, whose programs are recipes that work in the kitchen. While these early examples are provocations, their creators did not necessarily consider in great depth the aesthetics of the mapping between systems. David Morgan-Mar, who created Chef, never cooked one of his Chef recipes. However, Ian Bogost, who has taught the language to his students for fifteen years, has much to say about what recipes work well in the Chef language, and what approaches to the language yield interesting results algorithmically and culinarily. Like Oulipian constraint systems, the designer of the esolang puts forward an idea, and it\u27s the programmers experimenting with it who exhaust its premise. Over the past ten years, a new group of multicoding esolangs have emerged that learn from these earlier pieces. Nik Hanselmann\u27s bodyfuck uses human motion as code, to make the labor of programming physical. My languages Velato and Light Pattern embrace music and photography, building on the language Piet, but more openly embracing the open-endedness of their media as carriers of multiple meanings. Will Hicks\u27s Esopo project is a series of poetry-based esolangs, building on the premise of Shakespeare, but using literary tools more natural to the poet\u27s toolbox. Meanwhile, Jon Corbett\u27s Cree#, also inspired by Piet, builds on the tradition of storytelling in Métis culture. In his writing on the subject, he shows that all programming languages are multicoding along linguistic and cultural lines. This talk will serve as an intro to the potentials of multicoding esolangs, and how meaning is made in the collaboration between the language designers and the programmers who use them

Operation of a step tunable megawatt gyrotron

An electron cyclotron resonance maser; gyrotron fundamental oscillator; advantages of gyrotrons; a schematic of the experiment; gyrotron design theory; 1 MW design parameters; compact ignition tokamak; and a gyrotron with quasi-optical output coupler are briefly presented. This presentation is represented by viewgraphs only

Experimental observation of the effect of aftercavity interaction in a depressed collector gyrotron oscillator

This paper presents the experimental observation of the effect of an aftercavity interaction (ACI) in a depressed collector gyrotron oscillator. The gyrotron generates an output power of 1.5 MW at 110 GHz in 3 ??s pulses with a 96 kV and 40 A electron beam and has a single-stage depressed collector. The ACI arises from an unintended cyclotron resonant interaction between the microwave beam traveling out from the cavity and the gyrating electron beam. The interaction occurs in the uptaper of the launcher, immediately downstream from the cavity, where the magnetic field is slightly lower than its value in the cavity region. The ACI results in a reduction in efficiency since the electron beam tends to extract power from the wave. There is also a broadening of the spent beam energy profile, which reduces the effectiveness of the depressed collector and in turn limits the overall efficiency of a gyrotron. Measurements of the maximum depression voltage of the collector vs beam current at 96 kV are compared with simulations from the MAGY code [M. Botton, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 26, 882 (1998)]. Excellent agreement is obtained between theory and experiment but only if the ACI is included. In the present experiment, it is estimated that the observed efficiency of 50% would have been about 60% in the absence of the ACI. These results verify the role of the ACI in reducing the efficiency of the gyrotron interaction.open151